The Geneva Convention was first formulated in 1952 and amended in 1971. This convention was initiated by UNESCO and a number of countries including the USA and the former Soviet Union which were seluctant to join the Berne Convention overlooking apparent differences, the basic structure of the two conventions is similar. One difference though is the lower level of protection for the author’s rights in the Geneva Convention in comparison to the Berne Convention. Another difference is that unlike the Berne convention, The principle of the Authors rights in the Geneva convention is conditional to the acceptance of certain ceremonies. This convention is renowned as the universal convention because it was expected to be joined by all countries. In this convention rconventional rights, the principle of equality of foreign and domestic authors, and ceremonies and policies are all in favor of developing countries, though nothing has been mentioned about the moral rights of the author. In sum, the Geneva Gonvention has not proved to be as successful as it was initialy expected to be.

Introduction: copy number variation (CNV) consist of deletion, insertion, and duplications. It is an important source of genetic variation in organisms and thus influences on the gene expression and phenotypic variation. copy number variation (CNV) is one of the structural variant with an intermediate size class larger than 50bp which involves unbalanced rearrangements that increase or decrease the amount of DNA (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The size of CNVs is larger than 50bp, while smaller segments are known as insertions or deletions (indels). Thereupon these structural variations comprise more polymorphic than SNPs because of enormity, detection of them and their effect on phenotype has caught the attention of many researchers recently. It has been reported that CNVs changes in gene dosage and regulation as well as in transcript structure, and thus contribute to phenotypic variability (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The pea-comb phenotype is caused by a CNV mapping to intron 1 of the SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 5 (SOX5) gene (Wright et al. 2009). Late feathering in chickens is due to incomplete duplication in PRLR and SPEF2 genes (Elfrink et al. 2008). In swine, dominant white colour has been related with a duplication of a 450-kb fragment of the KIT gene (Giuffra et al. 1999) and a splice mutation causing the skipping of exon 17 (Giuffra et al. 1999). In sheep, doubling in the ASIP gene results in the regulation of pigment in body coat (Norris et al. 2008). Doubling the 4.6 k base pair into the six introns of the STX17 gene results in a gray body color in the horse with age. Deletion of the intergenic region with a length of 11.7 kbp in the goat genome leads to the removal of horns (Clop et al. 2012). Chicken is the most intensively farmed animal on earth and is a major food source with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each year. A big share of chicken CNVs involves protein coding or regulatory sequences. A comprehensive study of chicken CNV can provide valuable information on genetic diversity and assist future analyses of associations between CNV and economically important traits in chickens. Unique chicken genome with macro and micro chromosomes and its biology make it an ideal organism for studies in development and evolution, as well as applications in agriculture and medicine (Burt 2005). In the last several years, There has been an increasing interest in the study of CNVs in the chicken. This study focuses on comparison of CNV between the broilers and layers chicken to find evidence of domestication on the genome using whole genome sequencing.Material and methods: we used n=90 female birds of two commercial broiler (n=40) and layer (n=50) chicken. The broilers (BRs) were represented by 20 DNA samples of each of two lines (BRA and BRB) established independently and previously collected as part of the AVIANDIV project. In the layer group (LRs), data from 25 birds each from purebred white (WL) and brown (BL) egg laying populations, sequenced in the frame of the SYNBREED project (http://www.synbreed.tum.de/index.php?id=2 ,(were included. The paired-end reads with a read length of 101bp were mapped against the current reference genome assembly Galgal6 using the Burrows-Wheeler aligner (bwa, 0.6.2-r126 Version, with default parameters. Duplicate reads were masked during post-processing using the Picard tool set (version 2.9.2, http://picard.sourceforge.net). Finally, Genome Analysis Toolkit-3.3.0 was used to realign reads for correcting errors caused by InDels. Using GATK software package and Depth Of Coverage function (McKenna et al 2010), the depth of readings was calculated for each sample. Then filter out reads with mapping quality below 20. Because comparing the genomes of individuals in different groups was time consuming and computationally difficult for all parts of the genome, the genomes of each individual were divided into 1000 bp non-overlapping windows and the average reading depth per window was calculated. Then the results were normalized against the BL sample that showed highest average depth. In short, we created a correction factor per population and applied it on the depth of coverage value for each window. For all the contrasts, we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) as described (Carneiro et al 2014). For the Broilers-Layers contrast we scanned 935247 windows. 70372 windows showed significant by FDR with P < 0.001, with ANOVA using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method for multiple corrections (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995).Results and discussion: Mapping sequencing data to galGal6 assembly showed an average 98.61% mapping rate and 11.51 depth. Manhattan plot was plotted for regions of the genome that differed significantly between the two groups (FDR = 0.001). The points above the hypothetical line were identified and examined in a 25 Kbp confidence interval to identify possible genes. 39 regions were identified that half of them dose not contain any genes. Although Long noncoding RNAs are under lower selective pressure than protein-coding genes (Batista and Chang 2013), The other 11 regions contained 16 genes related to long non-coding RNAs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in organizing the 3-dimensional genome architecture and regulating gene activity in cis or in trans through multiple mechanisms (Zhang et al 2019, Batista and Chang 2013). 6 othere regions also contained 12 coding genes. Most of the identified genes were somehow linked to the immune system disease or cancer. Genes such as DEDs and TNFAIP8 are involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and two genes NPAL3 and RCAN, which are involved in the immune system, had a copy number variation in the studied samples. In addition RCAN is involved in Down syndrome. The PFDN gene, located on chromosome 25, is also involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

In general copy right is defined as protecting the creator (author) and his/her work, by preventing production of illegal and unauthorized copies. In fact copy right covers wide range of creative human activities. Today updating copy right rules with development of communication and information technologies and appearance of digital publication which make it possible to transmit information in new media on digital basis, is necessary. Ever-increasing utilization of communication networks all over the world and accessing information in these networks and growth of utilization of internet as “network of network” create a big challenge in the issues related to copy right and intellectual properties.In fact access to the references without any restriction violates copy right rules. In this study of copy right is defined its history is investigated, copy right rules in Iran are presented, the challenges of copy right in digital media and the effective characteristics of digital media on copy right rules are investigated. Also, the new copy right rules in internet is studied

The increasing popularity of the Internet has led to the dramatic growth of e-commerce. However, such activities have significant security challenges, mainly due to cyber fraud and identity theft. Therefore, checking the legitimacy of visited web pages is a very important task to secure the identity of customers and prevent phishing attacks. The use of machine learning methods, and deep learning is widely recognized as a promising solution. Research is full of studies that use machine learning and deep learning methods to detect website phishing. However, their findings depend on the data set and are far from generalizable. The two main reasons for the lack of generalization are impractical replication and lack of appropriate benchmark data sets for fair evaluation of systems. Furthermore, phishing methods are constantly evolving and the proposed models do not keep up with the rapid changes. In this article, we review the methods of identifying phishing sites from legal sites and finally reach the final conclusion.

"Monshaat" is an Arabic term meaning writings by expert clerks. In fact, it is the technique and art of writing which was called "tarassol" in the past; and today we call it correspondence. Its inclusion as an artifact is so extensive that in the bureaucratic organizations had extra importance. It can be said that "tarassol", whether of royalty or friendship, historical correspondences, and documents is considered as a masterpiece. Although the background of correspondence in Iran gets back to 600 BC, in the time of Achaemenians, the arrangement of writing has begun since the time of Ghaznavids and was matured in Saljugh's era. In the Safawids' dynasty it overpassed the national borders and established in India and Asia Minor. In the Ghajar epoch it was intensified in the commands, contracts, and writings. If it were not the attempts of Gaem Magham, Amir Nezam Garrusi, and the others, it would not attain its harmony. Mirza Mahdi b. Mohammad Nassir was one of the greatest writers in the court of Nasser al-din Shah and Mohammad Shah Ghajar whose composition and calligraphy are well-known. Monshi Khoee has shown his exquisite talent in the writing of five chapters of rose-garden which he created with verse and prose and has added further fragrance to his taste. This research is the outcome of surveying this valuable copy. It is necessary to mention that the abbreviation "T" used in this text refers to the word "tarassol".

Image is a powerful communication tool that is widely used in various applications, such as forensic medicine and court, where the validity of the image is crucial. However, with the development and availability of image editing tools, image manipulation can be easily performed for a specific purpose. copy-move forgery is one of the simplest and most common methods of image manipulation. There are two traditional methods to detect this type of forgery: block-based and key point-based. In this study, we present a hybrid approach of block-based and key point-based methods using meta-heuristic algorithms to find the optimal configuration. For this purpose, we first search for pair blocks suspected of forgery using the genetic algorithm with the maximum number of matched key points as the fitness function. Then, we find the accurate forgery blocks using simulating annealing algorithm and producing neighboring solutions around suspicious blocks. We evaluate the proposed method on CoMoFod and COVERAGE datasets, and obtain the results of accuracy, precision, recall and IoU with values of 96.87, 92.15, 95.34 and 93.45 respectively. The evaluation results show the satisfactory performance of the proposed method.